Special Education Funding for Schools a Delicate Balancing Act
The per pupil cost of educating a student with special needs can be three times more than a general education student. How much does your district spend?
There are few issues that generate more heat than spending on public education. Now more than ever, schools are faced with decreased state and federal aid and skyrocketing costs of state mandates, mostly to pay for staff benefits and pensions.
Special education services also make up a significant chunk of school district budgets. The per pupil cost of educating a child with special needs can be up to three times as much as typical per pupil costs.
Schools must meet certain standards for educating special needs students under the federal Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The problem, however, is that federal funding to meet these requirements is nowhere near the levels school districts need, so the state and, ultimately, taxpayers bear the burden of these costs.
Parents and advocates of students with disabilities welcomed President Obama’s proposed allocation of $11.3 billion in federal funds to schools to carry out IDEA mandates. But they also worry that up to half of that money can be redirected to a school’s general budget costs, according to IDEA MoneyWatch.
All of this puts school districts and parents, who don’t want to see any cuts in special education services, in a difficult position. In December, the New York State Board of Regents approved a special education cost-containment proposal from the state Department of Education that allows for some changes in special education services.
There are two provisions that worry parents the most. One would allow a school to increase the maximum number of special education students in an integrated class from 12 to 14, under certain circumstances.
The other provision repeals the requirement that a school provide a minimum of two 30-minute language or speech therapy session a week. Instead, the “frequency, duration and location of each service shall be in the IEP [individual education plan], based on the individual student’s need for the service,” according to the amended rules.
Many parents believe these amendments represent a “slippery slope” that will lead to more changes in services.
Patricia Phelan, an attorney from South Orangeburg who has a daughter with autism, understands parents’ fears. “If this is going to be the beginning of the cutting back of services, we don’t want that,” she said.
But Phelan, who represents parents in disputes with school districts, sees both sides of the issue and says these amendments don’t represent a sweeping overhaul of the system. “I don’t want there to be a knee-jerk reaction or instinctive panic,” she said.
It is, however, a delicate balance. It’s critical, she said, that the new provisions do not become the norm.
“They should only be used in exceptional circumstances,” Phelan said. “What everything comes back to is making sure individual students’ needs can be met.”
Tracking Special Education Spending
The following information is part of the Department of Education's New York State School Report Card data. School districts are required to report certain general education and special education spending ratios compared to spending by similar school districts and average spending in New York State.
Click here to see all New York State school district's Fiscal Accountability and Special Education Information Supplement. The following data is from the 2007-2008 school year, the latest available.
| Ardsley SD |
General Ed | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $27,140,644 |
$14,265,405 |
| Pupils | 2,199 | 302 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,342 | $47,236 |
| Bedford CSD | General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $65,774,794 |
$16,380,235 |
| Pupils | 4,309 | 384 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$15,265 | $42,657 |
| Brewster CSD | General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $40,224,239 | $18,506,516 |
| Pupils | 3,476 | 516 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$11,572 |
$35,865 |
| Briarcliff Manor |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $26,409,248 | $8,033,577 |
| Pupils | 1,750 | 179 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$15,091 | $44,880 |
| Bronxville UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $22,787,163 |
$7,652,713* |
| Pupils | 1,572 | 157 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$14,496 | $48,743 |
| Chappaqua CSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $58,811,414 | $15,652,254 |
| Pupils | 4,389 | 484 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$13,400 | $32,339 |
| Croton-Harmon |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $18,004,021 | $8,081,154 |
| Pupils | 1,759 |
232 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$10,235 | $34,833 |
| Dobbs Ferry UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $18,225,980 | $7,822,983 |
| Pupils | 1,452 | 185 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,552 | $42,286 |
| Eastchester UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $35,142,685 | $14,532,967 |
| Pupils | 3,017 |
292 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$11,648 | $49,770 |
| Harrison CSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $48,461,735 | $20,536,541 |
| Pupils | 3,385 | 514 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$14,317 | $39,954 |
| Hastings-on-Hudson |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $21,623,329 | $8,225,642 |
| Pupils | 1,665* |
236 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,987 | $34,854 |
| Mamaroneck UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $60,486,740 | $21,847,133 |
| Pupils | 4,874 | 659 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,410 | $33,152 |
| Nanuet UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $29,690,115 | $10,172,943 |
| Pupils | 2,343 |
281 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,672 |
$36,203 |
| New Rochelle CSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $119,131,859 | $36,104,448 |
| Pupils | 9,964 | 1,240 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$11,956 |
$29,116 |
| Nyack UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $38,335,764 | $13,972,645 |
| Pupils | 3,023 | 354 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,681 |
$39,471 |
| Pearl River UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $28,089,136 | $10,342,740 |
| Pupils | 2,676 | 314 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$10,497 |
$32,939 |
| Peekskill CSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $37,594,544 | $18,158,464 |
| Pupils | 2,867 | 468 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$13,113 |
$38,800 |
| Pelham UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $32,980,270 | $8,719,655 |
| Pupils | 2,620 | 320 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,588 |
$27,249 |
| Pleasantville UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $19,697,039 | $9,648,799 |
| Pupils | 1,820 | 245 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$10,823 |
$39,383 |
| Port Chester-Rye UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $38,633,159 |
$13,880,414* |
| Pupils | 3,885 | 525 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$9,944 |
$26,439 |
| Rye City SD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $42,251,534 |
$7,732,894 |
| Pupils | 3,066 | 215 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$13,781 |
$35,967 |
| Rye Neck UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $17,979,687 |
$6,108,334 |
| Pupils | 1,471 | 152 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$12,223 |
$40,186 |
| White Plains CSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $99,133,291 |
$38,008,502 |
| Pupils | 6,996 | 861 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$14,170 |
$44,145 |
| Yorktown CSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $46,384,401 |
$16,819,300 |
| Pupils | 4,083* | 575 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$13,360 |
$29,251 |
| Irvington UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $25,385,860 |
$8,670,043 |
| Pupils | 1,939 | 210 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$13,092 |
$41,286 |
| Scarsdale UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $73,849,028 |
$14,501,061 |
| Pupils | 4,737 | 391 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$15,590 |
$37,087 |
| Tarrytown UFSD |
General | Special Ed |
| Instructional Expenditures | $34,848,398 |
$10,455,721 |
| Pupils | 2,510 | 339 |
| Instructional Exp. Per Pupil |
$13,884 |
$30,843 |
* Editor's note: An earlier version of this story misstated some data for Bronxville, Hastings-on-Hudson, Port Chester-Rye, and Yorktown school districts. The updated story now contains the correct information. We regret the error.
Jonathan Rose
10:14 am on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Thank you for this information. Just curious why Port Chester's general and special education expenditures are lower than anyone else? I have also noticed that their annual exam rates have gone up over the last couple of years. What is the formula for their success?
Gladys Viruet
12:27 pm on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
It could be that more money is in Title IV for limited English speakers. I would be curious to see not only the expenditures in this area for all districts but also the models they use to teach English to speakers of other languages .
Gladys Viruet
12:24 pm on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Where is Mt. Vernon and Yonkers?
Gladys Viruet
12:27 pm on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
How about Scarsdale?
Roger Pellegrini
3:08 pm on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
How about less public money for everybody and stop with the whining.
Aunt Sandy
5:21 pm on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
I think we need to make sure everyone that attends school in a particular district resides in that district. That should save $$ right away.
Marisa Iallonardo
6:21 pm on Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Editor's Note: We received this information from Mary Ellen Melnyk, Assistant Superintendent of Business at Eastchester schools:
The Bronxville-Eastchester Patch article indicates that the Eastchester UFSD special education cost for 2007-08 was $14,532,967 for 292 students or $49,770 per student. However, the article does not deduct the actual revenue for out of district special education students who are in our program. The revenue for 2007/08 was $3,198,430. Therefore, the actual cost (using their number of $14,532,967) would be minus the revenue of $3,198,430 which equals $11,334,537 divided by 292 or $38,817.
RyeBob
1:07 pm on Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Would you not also have to deduct the number of students for whom revenue is received as well to get a real average; e.g., how many students of the 292 Eastchester students are from out of district and therefore being reimbursed by other districts? Seems like th $38,817 could be an understatement of average cost.
Robert Reis
9:44 pm on Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Reseacrh done by the National Institute for Early Education Research found that investments made in early childhood education (i.e. half and full day pre-k programs for children 3 & up) had long term benefits and savings in education expenditures over the academic life of a child. For every $1 invested, the return was an average $7 in terms of having less students held back, less students in need of remedial or special education services, and also a decline in drop-out rates and juvenile delinquency. Given that Albany is looking to slash close to $2 million from Port Chester alone -- not to mention the major cuts in other districts in the area -- they should take into consideration the long-term effects and the unintended consequences to withdraw such an investment. It's very easy to see how early childhood education provides students with an advantage and the potential for success. This type of approach might make the columns in the chart above a bit more balanced. With special education funding, among other early childhood education programs on the butcher block, it is urgent for law makers to see how reckless these cuts are going to be for the long term.
Patrice E. Athanasidy
12:57 pm on Thursday, February 17, 2011
As the Mom of a child that receives special education in a specialized program for autistic spectrum disorders in Lakeland, I always find myself grateful for the balancing act that our district performs. Investing in our children now should make as many of them as possible independent as adults; therefore costing the nation less in the longrun. They will be able to contribute to society in many ways, rather than rely on the government forever. Education truly is one of the best ways to cut governmental costs in the longrun.
terri whitney
8:48 pm on Thursday, February 17, 2011
Do these expenditures also include the cost of legal fees that are inherent when educating a special needs students because if the schools did it right and followed the law then legal expenses would not be so high and most likely averaged in.
Robert Reis
10:40 pm on Thursday, February 17, 2011
Terri, do you mean the costs legal costs for a child to be classified? All special education students are initially brought up at at a CSE meeting (Committee on Special Education) that in turn determines the classification assigned to a child and the services he/she will need. Each year, a subsequent CSE evaluation is required to determine progress and possible changes to the student's accommodations. Sometimes, parents do bring along legal counsel. In response. some districts will also have a legal representative (either in-house, or retained) to help facilitate the process and to arrive at an agreement. When districts do not uphold an existing plan (i.e. a 504 plan or IEP), there could be legal ramifications and proceedings beyond the CSE. The substantial costs in accommodating a special education child in an inclusion program result from the mandated day-to-day support -- be it a certified special education teacher, or a teaching assistant to help a child in his or her classes. But there are also self-contained classes. These classes typically have students who are low performing, and require an environment where there is a very low student-teacher ratio. Hence, a teacher in a self contained class may be salaried on the same scale as one who is not self-contained, yet the low class numbers drives up the per pupil costs for these classified students.
Ada Gray
2:13 pm on Saturday, February 19, 2011
No more money for any reason until taxes become affordable. Get used to it.
Sol Skolnick
5:48 pm on Saturday, February 19, 2011
Ada: Federal Law requires that students who need special services receive them. These are not services that a school District can elect, or not elect, to provide.
Ada Gray
7:02 pm on Saturday, February 19, 2011
Yeah. Here we go. 'Mandates.' Sort of like saying, 'The Devil Made Me Do It." No excuses. Cutting costs across the board is the only strategy that will save us for now.
Sol Skolnick
8:03 pm on Saturday, February 19, 2011
Which Federal or State law would you propose your school district to disobeys? Perhaps your efforts would be more fruitful in cutting costs if you aimed them at your elected officials in Albany and Washington who can change the laws, rather than those who must, by statute, cary them out.
enuf
7:08 pm on Sunday, February 27, 2011
What if we started with simple cuts like revoking the expensive perk of educating the children of teachers, administration..."faculty + staff" ?
Teachers are well paid that's why there are so many teachers these days!
$70k-$110k + benefits + their pension etc for working 180 days / year is a great deal.
Cops +firemen too while I have a great amt of respect for them they can fully retire after 20 years? They should be required to tap into that pension at 55 years old... like the rest of us Americans!
Robert Reis
7:48 pm on Saturday, February 19, 2011
There are "no excuses" in dismissing the needs of a child with disabilities. These rights are protected under "The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act" (IDEA) -- a Congressional statute -- and to cut corners in any way with these children means that you are breaking the law. For any district to ignore this statute, there will be a lot more for them to worry about other than balancing a budget.
Ada Gray
12:26 pm on Sunday, February 20, 2011
OMG. Please grow a pair.
Sharon Mac Innes
4:23 pm on Sunday, February 20, 2011
http://harrison.patch.com/articles/school-district-parent-group-at-odds-over-tracking
Mr Reis ...please respond to this article..maybe you can make them understand?
Robert Reis
7:56 pm on Thursday, February 24, 2011
Thanks, Ms. M-, for the link. Tracking is a loaded issue; you can never make everyone happy. I gather from your experience that your child -- who has special needs -- wouldn't have had the opportunity if it weren't for open enrollment. Am I correct in that assumption? Speaking from experience, I believe that issues pertaining to tracking, learning ability, & special needs are to a degree mutually exclusive. You need to evaluate the student irrespective of what the district's scores may be. Likewise, you should judge a district irrespective of one student's performance. A student may have special needs ranging from learning disabilities to emotional ones, & may still be able to succeed in an advanced, honors, or AP class. I believe every child deserves that chance. I've seen students who read below grade level, but are savants in math. The problem for some districts is providing support for these special students who may have a mixed schedule of leveled classes. Some special needs students end up being unsupported in these higher level classes. It's then a matter of equity. Who is first in line to get support? Hence, the altruistic call for tracking is to prevent academic failure. To me, open enrollment is the ideal. Teachers, parents, and administrators will naturally see it differently. I feel it's most important to include the opinion of the most neglected participant in this process -- the student. If a child is willing, then provide the opportunity.
Ada Gray
9:55 am on Saturday, February 26, 2011
“Few issues are as critical to the future of our state as reforming our education system. Right now we rank number one in the nation in spending per student and number 34 in student achievement. Worse still, these poor results are coming after a decade of record spending increases in education funding. Throwing money at the problem is not the answer.”
Governor Andrew Cuomo
Robert Reis
9:19 am on Sunday, February 27, 2011
Gov. Cuomo cherry picked that number. Here's a little context. The "34th in the nation" statement goes back to an obscure 2007 Census statistic that refers to all of NY's adults over the age 25 with a high school diploma. It encompasses present-day adults, their parents, and even their grandparents; it doesn't measure present day students in NY's schools. To get a broader picture of NY's education progress, consider the "Annual AP Report to the Nation" from the College Board (2010) & "Quality Counts" from Education Week (2011), which provide a better picture of NY's rankings:
a) 1st in the nation in closing the achievement gap in 4th grade reading and 8th grade math
b) 3rd in the nation in AP test scores
c) 4th in the nation in improving high school graduation rates
d) 4th in the nation for students enrolled in college with a post-secondary degree.
Ada Gray
10:46 am on Sunday, February 27, 2011
Time to get with the program. After years of rising property taxes, do you really think many people believe more money = better education?
Sol Skolnick
12:09 pm on Sunday, February 27, 2011
“A closed mind is like a closed book; just a block of wood” Chinese Proverb